Treatise on Hygiene, by Wm. A. Hammond, M.D., Surgeon General U.S. Army, U.S. Army Medical Department issue with gold stamped logo on cover, (1863) "With special reference to the military services"

William Alexander Hammond, MD (1828-1900) who was the 11th Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1862-1864). In addition to his pioneering work in neurology and his military service, especially during the Civil War, he founded the Army Medical Museum (now called the National Museum of Health and Medicine). He also co-founded the American Neurological Association and gave his name to Hammond's disease, a type of athetosis which he was the first to describe in 1871. In 1863, Hammond published A treatise on hygiene: with special reference to the military service, in which he presents his ideas regarding military medicine

Covers all principles of hygiene for troops,  building of hospitals, qualifications of enlistment, etc. Over 70  illustrations.  The importance of this book is that it addressed the number one cause of death of the troops during the Civil War...disease.  It was diseases like yellow fever, malaria, small pox, typhoid, dysentery, scurvy, measles, "black" gangrene, and infections from being in the hospital that killed most soldiers rather than battle wounds.

Additional information on Wm. A. Hammond, M.D.  Surgeon-General U. S. Army

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Treatise on Hygiene, by Wm. A. Hammond, M.D., Surgeon General US Army, U.S. Army Medical Department issue with gold stamped logo on cover, (1863)  "With special reference to the military services"

Written during his brief tenure as Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, William A. Hammond (1828-1900) still managed to significantly reform medical supply, organization, and staffing. "During the period of his service as surgeon-general from April 28, 1862, to August 18, 1864, he accomplished many reforms in army medical administration. He inaugurated the 'Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion', established the Army Medical Museum, introduced the pavillion system of hospital construction extensively throughout the service, and provided suitable habitation for the sick and wounded. Many other reforms which later became realities were also recommended by him, such as the formation of a permanent hospital corps, the establishment of an army medical school, the location of a permanent general hospital at Washington and the institution of a military medical laboratory. In addition he urged the autonomy of the medical department in construction of buildings and transportations of supplies, a measure the full materialization of which is still believed to be essential to the service of the sick in war." (Kelly & Burrage). Many of the woodcuts in the present book illustrate the six chapters on military hospital architecture, plans and construction. As an experienced researcher on nutrition (A.M.A. prize, 1857), his seven chapters on the subject are of interest. Also important are Hammond's chapters devoted to the influence of an environmental factors ("external agents") on the health of man. For example, his familiarity with Schönbein's work on ozone and his own perceptive experiments are impressive. Hammond is well known for authoring the first American textbook on neurology in 1871 (G-M 4542). Reynolds 1844. Blocker Coll., page 179.

A copy of this text book is listed in the 1865 Surgeon General's Office Library Catalogue or the list of medical textbooks which were published during the Civil War by the Army Medical Department.

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Cellular Pathology, (1860), by Rudolf Virchow, U.S. Army Medical Department issue with gold stamped logo on cover 

A copy of this text book is listed in the 1865 Surgeon General's Office Library Catalogue and the list of medical textbooks which were published during the Civil War by the Army Medical Department.

Additional information on this book and Rudolf Virchow

Virchows main contribution to biological thought and one of the most important books in the history of medicine and the foundation stone of cellular pathology (Garrison & Morton). In this ground-breaking work Virchow shows the relations of pathology and medicine to the cell doctrine, and the intimate changes in the tissues and organs. No one before Virchow expressed the belief that the phenomena of disease, like other biologic phenomena, are the expressions of cellular activity. He analysed disease and diseased tissues from the point of view of cell-formation and cell-structure, much as Kölliker had analysed normal tissues. There are departments of pathology that Virchow explored so well that they have hardly been extended since his day. He set in motion the now familiar ideas that the body may be regarded ?as a state in which every cell is a citizen. Disease is a civil war, a conflict of citizens brought about by the action of external forces.

Signed by surgeon to the 2nd United States Sharpshooter's: W. B. Reynolds, From the Roster: Surgeon, Lynn, Mass., served to August, 1865, Dead

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The 'Sharpshooters',  who are listed as a separate entity in the Roster,  were commonly used to pick off high profile personnel and soldiers before a battle in skirmishes.

The 1st Sharpshooters: the veterans and recruits from Michigan were transferred to the 5th Michigan Infantry, the rest to the 2nd Sharpshooters December 31, 1864.  The 2nd Sharpshooters: the members of this regiment were transferred Feb. 1865 as follows: Company A to the 5th Michigan Infantry; Company C to the 105th Pennsylvania Infantry; Company D to the 17th Maine Infantry; Companies E and H to the 4th Vermont Infantry; and Companies F and G to the 5th New Hampshire Infantry.

Here are 3 references from the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion listing W.B. Reynolds as operating surgeon on 2d U.S. Sharpshooter soldiers. The 1st column is the soldier, 2nd being the date of surgery, and last being the operation, surgeon, and result (pensioned, death, etc...). The 1st entry is a removal of the humerus head with 2nd & 3rd being an amputation.  June 19th was the Siege of Petersburg. The Sept. 11 & November 4 date I have not identified as a battle.

CASE.--Lieutenant William Fisher, Co. A, 99th Pennsylvania Volunteers, was wounded at Petersburg, Virginia, October 7th, 1864, by a conoidal ball, which entered two inches behind the angle of the left inferior maxilla, and lodged .beneath the integument, near one of the cervical vertebrae, severing the facial and carotid arteries. He was conveyed to the hospital of the 3d division, Second Corps. He was much exhausted from loss of blood. Beef essence and brandy were administered. On October 9th, Surgeon William B. Reynolds, 2d U. S. Sharpshooters, ligated the left common carotid artery below the omo-hyoid muscle. Death resulted in twenty-six hours after the operation.

A Manual Of Instructions For Enlisting And Discharging Soldiers: With Special Reference To The Medical Examination Of Recruits And The Detection Of Disqualifying And Feigned Diseases, Roberts Bartholow, M.D., U. S. Army Medical Department issue, 1864

A copy of this text book is listed in the 1865 Surgeon General's Office Library Catalogue or the list of medical textbooks which were published during the Civil War by the Army Medical Department, or the list of medical textbooks which were published during the Civil War by the Army Medical Department.

Additional information on Roberts Bartholow, M. D.

Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1864., 1864. 276 pp. Second Printing (the first printing was in 1863). "U.S. Army Medical Department" stamped in gilt, above logo, on the front cover. "Bartholow was medical purveyor (purchasing agent) with the Army of the Potomac. This work describes the examination to determine if a soldier was fit for service. The first part is entitled 'Real Disqualifications for Military Service' and describes diseases arranged by organ systems. The second part is entitled 'Pretended Disqualifications for Military Service' and describes how a soldier or a draftee might feign symptoms of various diseases. The third section is dedicated to examining men who are joining the army and the last part to soldiers leaving the army. A major theme of the final part concerns the Invalid Corps, an organization of soldiers who were too disabled to perform full duties, but who could act as guards or garrison troops. The doctor needs to make two determinations: (1) Can the soldier perform full duty? and (2) If not, can he serve in the Invalid Corps or must he receive a medical discharge? A person with epilepsy, for example, cannot perform field service; if he experiences only one seizure per month he can join the Invalid Corps, but more frequent seizures dictate medical discharge. Paralysis of one arm is allowable for Invalid Corps soldiers; more widespread paralysis is not"

Owner surgeon's signature Ellery P. Smith, Surgeon 7th Missouri Cavalry, Little Rock Arkansas  Dec. 11th, 1863. Dr. Ellery P. Smith was Surgeon-in- Chief 1st Division and is listed in an extract by Surgeon J. Smith, USA Army Medical Director, Dept of Arkansas, 1862-65.  As found in the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Fisher, J.P., Pt., A, 7th Missouri Cavalry. Aug. 16, Sept. --, 1862. Right. Surg. E. P. Smith. 7th Missouri. Discharged February 6, 1863.

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Dedication page and Table of Contents

 

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A Manual Of Instructions For Enlisting And Discharging Soldiers: With Special Reference To The Medical Examination Of Recruits And The Detection Of Disqualifying And Feigned Diseases, Roberts Bartholow, M.D., U. S. Army Medical Department issue, 1864

A copy of this text book is listed in the 1865 Surgeon General's Office Library Catalogue or the list of medical textbooks which were published during the Civil War by the Army Medical Department, or the list of medical textbooks which were published during the Civil War by the Army Medical Department.

The need of a work on enlisting and discharging soldiers written with special reference to the wants of the military service at the present time renders an apology for the appearance of this book unnecessary Tripler's Manual and Henderson on the Examination of recruits although very excellent are scarcely complete enough to suit the present emergency in military affairs. Much of the subject matter of a work of this kind has necessarily been so long the common property of military medico legal writers as to render it impracticable for me to credit it to the original authorities I have endeavored to make suitable acknowledgment as I went along for the aid derived from others.  The disqualifications for military service are very much the same in all countries.  The lists given in this work are derived from the report of the Medical Board of which I was a member convened at Washington to determine the mental and physical infirmities which should exempt under the Enrolment Act . This work is not intended for professional experts but for such examining surgeons medical officers and recruiting officers as have not had heretofore an opportunity to become informed on these subjects.   N.Y., July 1864

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Owner signature: Henry M. Lilly, Little Rock, Ark., Feb 23, 1866   Henry M. Lilly, M.D.:  Fond Du Lac, WI, graduated from  Beloit College, WI; graduated from University of Michigan, Medical Department, 1858; left the U.S. Army in 1867 as Ass't Surgeon & Brevet Major U.S. Volenteers   Biography of Dr. Henry M. Lilly

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Roster of Wisconsin Vol, .Asst. Surgeon Henry M Lilly,  Mar 28, 18 65,  Bvt Capt and Bvt Major,  Mustered Out, Mar 13, 1867

This may have been a hospital copy as the signature is for hospital administrator Dr. Henry M. Lilly and the inscription on the inside says : "Steward's Manuel"

Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Army (As observed during the present war), by Joseph Janvier Woodward, M.D., 1863, marked for the U. S. Army Hospital Department

A copy of this text book is listed in the 1865 Surgeon General's Office Library Catalogue  and the list of medical textbooks which were published during the Civil War by the Army Medical Department.

Joseph Janvier Woodward, M.D. Ass't Surgeon, U.S.A.  Published 1863 by J.B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia. Hardcover, 364 pages.   First edition. This important volume includes chapters devoted to malaria, scurvy, camp fevers, typho-malarial fever, chronic malarial poisoning, jaundice, camp diarrhea, acute enteritis, acute dystentery, chronic diarrhea, camp measles, catarrh, pneumonia, and pseudo-rheumatic affections, among others

An outline of camp diseases found in the Union Army in the early years of the war and how to diagnose and combat them. Includes chapters devoted to malaria, scurvy, camp fevers, typho-malarial fever, intermittent fevers, chronic malarial poisoning, jaundice, camp diarrhea, acute enteritis, acute dystentery, chronic diarrhea, camp measles, catarrh, pneumonia, and pseudo-rheumatic affections. Woodward was a surgeon with the 2nd U.S. Artillery and with the War Department in Washington. He helped write the Medical and Surgical History of the War and assisted at the autopsy of John Wilkes Booth.

At the beginning of the Civil War Dr. Woodward entered the United States army as assistant surgeon, serving with the 2d United States artillery in the Army of the Potomac, and then became chief medical officer of the 5th division in the Department of Northeast Virginia, being present at the first battle of Bull Run. Later he became medical officer of three light batteries in General Philip Kearny's division in the Army of the Potomac. In May, 1862, he was assigned to duty in the surgeon-general's office in Washington, and charged with the duty of collecting materials for a medical and surgical history of the war and for a military medical museum. At the close of the war he received the brevets of captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel, and on 28 July, 1866, he was commissioned captain and assistant surgeon. He was made surgeon with the rank of major on 26 June, 1876. Dr. Woodward was associated in the management of President Garfield's case after he was shot,

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Mental Hygiene, (1863, first edition) by Isaac Ray, M. D.

Issac Ray, M.D. was among the first to use the term 'mental hygiene', and his treatise on the subject was one of the earliest American works to present a detailed program for the prevention of mental diseases.  It's interesting this book, given its topic, is 'notated' as having been at the Post Hospital at Fort Richmond, during the Civil War. 

Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863. 1st Edition. [2]+[xii]+338+[4]pp. 12mo. Embossed pebbled mauve cloth. The second book on the subject -- and the work that established the concept of mental hygiene and effectively introduced it into American medicine and psychiatry. Though Sweetser's book on the subject preceded Ray's by 20 years, it exerted nothing close to the influence that Ray's book had. Sadoff Collection page 62. Strongly influenced by Thomas Buckle's recently published History of Civilization in England (1857-61), with its emphasis on the environmental conditioning of values, customs, and attitudes (an idea already stressed by Montesquieu in the Spirit of the Laws, and even earlier by Ibn Khaldun in his 14th century Al Muqaddimah), Ray defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the health of the mind against all the incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movement.

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Post Hospital, Fort Richmond, (N.Y.), see document to right for information on the fort during the Civil War